Building a Bridge to the 18th C

Part one and two of the book â€Å"Building a scaffold to the eighteenth Century† by Postman Neil is discussing the advancement of man through the time he has occupied the earth and what has been the catapulting power to incredible statures that has seen him accomplish much in little time.Progress is depicted as a brainchild of enlightment which at that point discharges essentialness and rousing certainty like the one that is found in the eighteenth century. Quite a bit of what is viewed as extraordinary accomplishment of twentieth century is because of incredible work and considering individuals in the medieval times. This at that point moves tremendous credit to the savants and researchers in medieval times for beginning the advancement back then.The eighteenth century has been portrayed as a time of incredible masterminds who designed things for all intents and purposes in all circles of life and for humankind to advance; the appropriate response doesn't lie later on or the ebb and flow times yet returning to that extraordinary century.The progress being pushed for is logical or innovative headway which requires no ethical authority rather than moral advancement that can be ascribed to enlightment combined with lovely imagination.The two types of progress happen simultaneously and it is difficult to isolate them all through the ages that man has looked to step in strides of enlightment.The thought of reasonability, realism and deconstruction have been examined finally yet not surely knew attributable to the reality they are predominantly verbalized from a Christian viewpoint of scholars who were for the most part Christians.Therefore their principal comprehension of soundness is through optimism progressed in those seasons of rebellion and rebel against the standard running of the Christian confidence. It follows that levelheadedness has radical articulation through progress.ReferencePostman, N. (1999). Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century: Ide as from the Past That Can Improve Our Future. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Incorporated

Waste Water Treatment Processes

Question: Examine about theWaste Water Treatment Processes Answer: Presentation Exercises wastewater prescription incorporates of a mix of substantial, compound, and regular systems and activities to remove solids, standard issue and, every so often, dietary enhancements from wastewater. Normal expressions used to painting remarkable degrees of treatment, all on the whole of expanding recuperating degree, are preliminary, significant, non-mandatory, and tertiary as well as pushed wastewater mending. In a couple of nations, refinement to empty pathogens here and there makes after the last cure stride. Wastewater recuperating is solidly perceived with the measures and additionally wants set for the exuding best. Wastewater cure methods are intended to accomplish redesigns in the idea of the wastewater. Wastewater from flushing the can, showering, washing sinks and general purifying goes down the channel and into a pipe, which joins a greater sewer pipe underneath the road. The better channel similarly joins an essential pipe that prompts the medicine point of conv ergence. Squander Water Treatment Processes There are for the most part three procedures for the treatment of waste water in particular as- 1. Screeing2. Essential treatment3. Sea discharge4. Solids expulsion Transmisson/Screening Transmission/screening is first time of the wastewater treatment process. Screening clears enormous items as diapers, nappies, cleaned objects, filaments, face wipes and even faulty items, area clippings, plastics and plastic items that may square or damage gear. Noteworthy rigging is also used to deplete ungainliness that gets washed into the septic tank. Essential Treatment In this procedure wastewater is isolated through seven fine screens to cleanse increasingly remarkable things, for rate, composition, fiber tips, fabric and engineered. These materials are taken to Moss Vale Recycling Center. Six far reaching factors pace radiating siphons send the screened sewage to the exterior for assistant treatment in the lopsidedness departure tanks. Four gushed air through coarseness tanks void sand, rock and distinctive freethinking inorganic issue from the wastewater. Coarseness is added to the screenings for reusing. The wastewater at that point streams to the sedimentation tanks where solids settle to the base. The solids are discharged and traded to the solids management process. Oil and oil float to the about totally lifted purpose behind the tank and are emptied by scrubbers. Figure: Wastewater treatment forms Auxiliary Treatment The bigger piece of the rewarded wastewater is unhindered to the value referencing ocean outfall. The rewarded wastewater enters a wide region that goes on it under the sea bed around 3.7 km out to sea, where the ocean is around 60 m colossal. The wastewater is released into the ocean through diffusers. The diffusers are spread over around 700 meters toward the tunnel's end into a degree off the eastern seaboard that is again and again cleared by streams spilling to south. Light, saltwater and wave development cooperate to genuinely disconnect and clean the rewarded wastewater. We screen the marine condition and test for lethality to check for any impact. We continue working with the ecological security authority of South Wales to think about the marine condition around the basic ocean outfalls. Some wastewater is additionally rewarded and reused in the plant as cooling water and to flush rigging. Tertiary Treatment/Solid Removal It is in a general sense pointless treatment past discretionary Tertiary treatment have the option to expel from in excess of 99 percent of the broad number of contaminations from compost, making a conversational of in a general sense drinking water quality. The interrelated infringement can be obviously costly, requiring a strange condition of exacting breaking point and all around arrange treatment plant chiefs, a consistent enormity gracefully, and synthetic compounds and fastidious rigging which may not be quickly open. An occurrence of a constant tertiary treatment strategy is the difference in a conventional discretionary treatment plant to clear extra phosphorus and nitrogen. Cleansing, reliably with chlorine, can be the last wander before arriving of the radiating. On the other hand, some typical forces are pestered that chlorine residuals in the emanating can be a worry in their own specific preferred position, and have moved a long way from this strategy. Cleansing is consi stently gotten together with treatment plant diagram, anyway not reasonably sharpened, considering the significant expense of chlorine, or the decreased explanation limit of amazing radiation where the water isn't satisfactorily clear or liberated from particles. Solids which were cleared during the time spent sedimentation structure experience transmission, thicken and dealing with. A strain press cleanses any further transmission past to the solids go into rotating drum thickeners. The thicken solids are set up in 3 anaerobic digesters. Methane gas passed on by the ingestion structure warms the digesters and produces power for the plant. The prepared solids are experienced rotators to clear riches water. They are then made sure about in holders before being shipped offsite for satisfying reuse. Upkeep and Operation Procedures The present procedures are as per the following- Scent Control Clean Water Services is centered around being a tolerable neighbor. We go down this devotion with impressive interests in aroma control at our four wastewater treatment workplaces. Fragrance has really been an unwanted accomplice of wastewater treatment. To fight this, all significant fragrance sources are made sure about or contained. Air from potential smell sources is gotten and rewarded using substance scrubbers to slaughter fragrance conveying blends. Bio-solids Removal Clean Water Services' four wastewater treatment workplaces reuse in excess of 31 dry enormous measures of protected, supplement rich characteristic material from the a considerable number of wastewater we clean each day. This reusing method brings about the formation of bio-solids. As a matter of fact, the more we prevail with regards to cleaning our water, the more bio-solids we can convey and reuse for important use. The solids that settle out in the midst of fundamental and assistant treatment are coordinated to digesters broad barrel molded tanks kept mixed and warmed to internal heat level. The solids are managed for around a month, encountering anaerobic retention that is absorption by microorganisms that need no air. In their assimilation framework, methane gasses are discharged which you will much of the time see seething in a light like device in any wastewater plant. The enhancement rich bio-solids are dewatered and reused onto neighborhood farms and rangeland in Eastern Or egon as a soil adjustment. Strong Waste Recirculation The waste water treatment plant creates around 12x103 huge amounts of bio-solids a year. They are used as a section of cultivation, rewarding the dirt and landscape recovery. Our updated exchange with expels additional water from the bio-solids. These reductions the register of trucks unsurprising that would move the thing, slashing down our carbon foot formed impression. Differing solids avoided from the wastewater, for occurrence, original copy, matter and coarseness are also reused. This gets used as turf underlie. Making Power A cogeneration motor makes control neighboring. It uses the methane gas made by the bio-solids activity technique. A generator of hyro-electric sort composed at the plant outfall conduit in like manner passes on power. Together these activities mean we are lessening our carbon foot surrounded impression and can make around 63% of the force used at the plant each day. Decreasing Effects on Environment The plant has its own specific smaller than reliable water reusing plant. It can make up to 2,000,000 liters of choice reused water. This reused water is used for the plant's methodologies, for event, cooling, smell treatment and washing channels. This recuperations around 2,000,000 liters of drinking water a day. To keep the huge proportions of mixed tempest water and wastewater that entered in the Sydney city at long last long periods of 90s of nineteen century, we imaginary the side Storage Tunnel in 2,000. The 500,000,000 liter accumulating section is sixteen kilometers in length and continues running from Lane Cove to . This area structure decreases wastewater floods in the midst of wet atmosphere. Right when tornado water enters the wastewater structure, it makes a noteworthy proportion of disabled person wastewater. This is made sure about until it tends to be supervised and some time later discharged by framework for the colossal ocean outfall. Pathogenic Bacteria Pathogenic organisms and other contamination welcoming on living creatures and are of most appropriate any place the getting water is used for drinking, or where people would by one assets or an extra is in close connect with it. Sterilization The last step in the wastewater treatment technique is decontamination. Wastewater Treatment Facilities use Sodium Hypochlorite dosed at a controlled level to kill any outstanding organisms. Instrumentation screens the chlorine waiting accomplished, with an eye toward giving the unimportant estimation to complete cleansing. By watching a slight excess of estimations, (extra), we ensure that all responsive material in the master familiar has been introduced to the purifying administrators. Thirty years back, chlorine waiting of 2 to 3 mg/l was seen as extraordinary insurance for a fitting filtration of a treatment plant stream. Stream prosperity, in any case, isn't improved by the introduction of any chlorine extra into the earth. Consequently, Sodium Bi-Sulfite is by and by dosed in sufficient adds up to empty waiting chlorine before discharge. At our two more diminutive plants, Hillsboro and Forest Grove, sanitization is master by technique for splendid shafts. The cleaned wastewater stream is directed through banks of UV lights, whose force is controlled to limit electrical usage while growing bacterial homicide. This structure has no requirem

Haymarket Riot

As consequence of the Industrial Revolution, individuals in America earned more cash, a large portion of which they used to start new organizations and plants. There were presently a wide range of kinds of machines to accomplish the work that individuals needed to destroy themselves the past. Consequently, machines quickly supplanted individuals. Presently with less individuals working and getting paid, there were individuals that could bear the cost of what these manufacturing plants were making. The vast majority of the individuals working in the United States as of now were outsiders, so they had to work for low wages. A working grown-up would be viewed as fortunate to bring home an every day salary of just $2. 00. Children then again, just made around 70 pennies every day for spending their whole youth figuring out coal or performing different demanding employments. The vast majority worked somewhere in the range of ten and fourteen hours every day with peanuts for money. As result, Chicago Illinois, just as numerous different urban communities in the United States, fell into neediness. In any case, not all workers right now were remorseless and blackhearted. Most at the time however simply needed to capitalize on their representatives for minimal measure of pay. Before long the Labor Union development began. Individuals in this association needed to boycott youngster work, increment pay, and to make shorter workdays. A great many clashes broke out generating from the Labor Union; a significant number of which the police were acquired to settle. By 1886, the significant worry of the Labor Union was to set up an eight-hour workday. At this point there were a few associations, all of which couldn't concur with each other on the most proficient method to battle for this legitimately merited interest. At last, the Knights of Labor, who began in Chicago, sorted out an across the nation strike. Be that as it may, the papers, business pioneers, and legislators didn t concur with these activities. They stated, the new eight-hour workday would advance loafing, betting, revolting, lewdness and inebriation (Simon). Realizing that they would be terminated, laborers despite everything went to bat for what they put stock in and finished the strike. On May1, 1886, the strike gazed. In excess of 300,000 laborers protested in nine unique urban communities over the immense country. One of these urban communities was Boston. Nonetheless, just a couple of bosses across the nation allowed their representatives the shorter workday. As result, the following two months were loaded up with the police, the strikers, and the scabs. Scabs were individuals who would not take to the streets with the remainder of their colleagues. They procured this name from the furious strikers. On May 3, 1886, in excess of 500 strikers got together with certain scabs as they were leaving a plant in Chicago. The unsettled horde shot the scabs with sticks, rocks, and pretty much anything they could conceivable get their hands on. This proceeded until police showed up and in the long run separated the battle. August Spies at that point continued to arrange a dissent meeting in Haymarket Square. The strikers were advised to be equipped in the event that the police depended on brutality on them. The next day when Spies went to the gathering he talked before around 1,200 individuals. Albert Parsons, alongside Spies and different speakers, discussed the McCormick revolt, and the rights and the obligations of the American laborer. At that point as it came down, individuals gradually started to leave and head home. One of the numerous to leave was the chairman of the city, Charter H. Harrison. In transit home he visited the police headquarters to tell the officials ready and waiting that they could return home in light of the fact that the dissent was quiet. Around ten minutes after the fact, two covert specialists went to the police headquarters and said that there were some hostile things being said at the dissent, and that the officials ought to go split it up. At the point when the police showed up at Haymarket Square, a few words just as activities were shared between the strikers and the police. After a short time, a bomb was secretly tossed into the horde of police. This was the first run through a bomb like this was utilized in the United States. Rapidly reacting to the bomb, the cops started to fire into the horde of strikers and poop hit the fan. As consequence of the bomb, one cop was executed right away, and six others passed on inside the following fourteen days as a result of genuine injuries. The next day the papers were stacked with title texts which blamed Spies, Parsons, and Fielden of discharging this destructive bomb into the group. A few papers even said that the Haymarket uproar, rebels, and communists were the purpose behind different unsettling influences around the nation. They said that disciplines ought to be managed to Spies, Parsons and Fielden, on the grounds that individuals of the United States were blaming them for homicide. Notwithstanding, one paper revealed that if the police hadn t struck the dissent, there wouldn t have been a bomb tossed, in light of the fact that there wouldn t have been anything to start the contention. Another paper, the Labor Enquirer, wrote in one of it s articles, twice the same number of legit men were killed in coal mineshafts as have been executed in Chicago, and there isn t any commotion whatsoever about it (americanhistory. com). Still different papers composed that is working and day to day environments were better, at that point none of this presumably would have occurred. Commander Michael J. Shaak was so shocked by the Haymarket revolt that he captured several individuals who went to the dissent that day, or even the individuals who were associated with being there. While making every one of these captures, the chief found mystery social orders and bombs, on numerous different connivances. Without warrants, he proceeded with his examination by breaking into houses. At that point he continued to beat and pay off individuals into saying that they were observers to what went on in the Haymarket Square. Be that as it may, out of every one of these several individuals who were captured, just eight individuals were brought to a real preliminary. These eight individuals were August Spies, Albert Parsons, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fisher, Michael Schwabb, Louis Lingg, Oscar Neebee, and George Engel. Appallingly enough, just three out of these eight men were really at Haymarket square when the mob broke out. On June 21, 1886, the preliminary for these eight men started. The respondents were supposed to be the dark horses in light of the fact that the jury was hand-picked by Judge Joseph E. Gary, who urgently needed these men to be indicted for homicide. Numerous individuals considered the litigants blameworthy, and these individuals needed the men to confront a similar discipline as the individuals who lost their lives in the uproar. At the end of the day, they were needed dead. Under the steady gaze of the preliminary began, Judge Joseph E. Gary was cited saying, those colleagues will be hanged as sure as death (Encarta 99). The principle assault by the guard during the preliminary was that the jury was bias. Be that as it may, the appointed authority essentially overruled every one of these endeavors made by the guard, and the uncalled for preliminary continued. During the preliminary, the state s lawyer was permitted to ask anything he desired to. Likewise, the protection was not permitted to interrogate the observers, who were generally police officers or bogus observers, so as to convict the men of the wrongdoing. As the preliminary continued, the police repedily demonstrated bombs and alluded to the men as rebels. Despite the fact that there was no proof to demonstrate that the litigants knew anything about the bomb or who tossed it, they were in the long run indicted for homicide. On the morning of August 20, the jury entered the court with their decision. Seven out of the eight men being investigated were condemned to death. Oscar Neebee was the one in particular who was condemned to prison time. He got an astounding fifteen years in prison for a wrongdoing he didn't submit. Be that as it may, he was the just one out of the eight men who was permitted to live. A few papers detailed that these men were being investigated simply because of their political perspectives. In any case, the vast majority couldn't have cared less to concur with these announcements and debate keeps on blending. At the point when the decision was declared that appalling morning, individuals outside the court lit up with energy and satisfaction. Some were glad to the point that they were eager to grant the jury with a money reward only for sentencing the litigants. The main individuals that were dismal over the decision were the groups of the protection, the legal advisors, and obviously the respondents themselves. The press at that point proceeded to state that the main awful thing about the entire preliminary was that the litigants couldn't advance seeing as how they were condemned to death. Offer to the decision was actually what the litigants legal counselors did. On March 13, 1887, six adjudicators from the Illinois Supreme Court met in Ottawa to tune in to the intrigue. At the point when the appointed authorities were finished investigating the case they conceded that it was an extremely uncalled for preliminary. Be that as it may, they neglected to take care of business. The barrier lawyer, Mr. Dark, at that point went after for an intrigue at U. S. court central station, yet they would not take a gander at the case. At last the safeguard went to their final hotel, the legislative leader of Illinois, to request an exculpation. It was extraordinary planning by the protection in light of the fact that the open was starting to feel frustrated about the seven destined men. A few people kept in touch with the senator expressing that the main thing these men were blameworthy of was their sentiment. At last the senator chose to hold a consultation for these men. That day was loaded up with a ton of offers and contentions. On November 11, 1887, the representative declared that there would be no acquittal. Be that as it may, presently just four out of the eight men would be executed. It would have been five however Louis Lingg was discovered before that morning with a large portion of his head brushed off. It was administered a self destruction. Michael Shwab and Samuel Fielden got their capital punishments reduced to life in jail. So now Parsons, Spies, Fisher, and Engel would be killed. Incredibly they acknowledged this sentence with no shock or opposition. That equivalent day, the four residual men strolled to their deathsite. As they were being set up to be hanged, Spies cried out his final words which were, There will come when our quiet will be more remarkable than the voices you choke today! Following Parsons let out his last words, Will I be permitted to represent men o

Discuss Plato's view of the Poet(artist) in The Republic, Ion, and Essay

Talk about Plato's perspective on the Poet(artist) in The Republic, Ion, and Symposium - Essay Example Plato investigates his thoughts in regards to verse in The Republic, especially inside Book X. As can be found in his conversation with respect to the idea of impersonation, Plato believes verse to be a portrayal of nature, or the awesome, in his similarity of the woodworker. As he portrays the creation of a bed, Plato lists the three unique sorts of beds that could be made: â€Å"Beds, at that point, are of three sorts, and there are three specialists who oversee them: God, the producer of the bed, and the painter† (Ch. 10). The first of these, that made by God, is the first and the ideal structure. The second is a duplicate of that structure, brought into the material world by the action of the woodworker and usable as such by those whom the craftsman may decide to give get to. The third, in any case, that made by the craftsman or artist, is portrayed by Plato just like a simple shade of the article, maybe just ready to catch an extremely little part of the bed’s genu ine components. Subsequently, in impersonation, the artist can pass on some reality about the idea of the bed and is hence ready to speak to nature in some structure, yet he is always unable to pass in general truth about it. Be that as it may, Plato additionally appears to perceive the potential risk of verse to pass on ‘wrong’ thoughts as he presents the idea of restriction by directing â€Å"Whether in sagas, verses or disasters, regardless of whether in meter or not, god must be portrayed precisely, and that ends up being as perpetual; as great and the reason for just great; as unequipped for viciousness; and as ‘altogether basic and valid in deed and speech,’ for god ‘doesnt himself change or beguile others by deceptions, addresses, or the sending of signs either in waking or dreaming’† (Griswold, 2003). He likewise perceives the brain science of writing and its capacity to influence all men, frequently ascribing most prominent respect to the writer who is generally prepared to do

Camp Sunshine 2015 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Camp Sunshine 2015 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Camp Sunshine 2015 It is that time of year again, when I will be away from the blog for a week while I volunteer at Camp Sunshine, a camp for children with cancer. This will be my 20th year volunteering for the summer camp part of Camp Sunshine, and I have had a wonderful time over the years working with this program. This year, I will be a cabin counselor for nine 10-12 year old boys (along with two other volunteers), and I am guessing I will be involved in a great deal of mountain biking, fishing, tennis, gold panning, going up the climbing wall (or just watching as my campers go up), archery, dodgeball, arts and crafts, and a lot of singing. If you have never heard 200+ campers and 150+ volunteers singing and dancing to Peanut Butter Jelly Time, you are missing a great event. So, for the next week or so, I will be out of communication with this blog. Once I am back, I will begin posting/commenting/replying again! Go Dawgs!

An Important Family Holiday - Free Essay Example

Thanksgiving Day Thanksgiving is a national holiday that originated as harvest festival in the United States celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. Im going to write a little story about Thanksgiving Day. In September 1620, a ship called the mayflower left Plymouth, England, which had 102 passengers was seeking a new home where they could live freely. One month later, they approached Massachusetts Bay, where know as Pilgrims. After hard and cold winter, they planted some foods with Wampanoag Indians then they shared an autumn harvest feast in 1621 that was one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations. In the United States, it is an important family holiday. People often travel across the country to be with family members for the holiday. The Thanksgiving holiday is four-day weekend in the United States. Americans shops and markets are on sale Thursday and Friday. Thanksgiving is almost entirely celebrated at home. On the other hand, Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving on the second Monday in October. The festival was celebrated to thank the recovery of King Edward VII from a serious illness that is different from U.S. People celebrate Thanksgiving Day having parades, customary family feast and turkey. It is a time for sharing, loving. The behind the celebration is to being thankful for the past harvest and praying for the coming year. In Britain, the harvest festival starts when the wheat has been cut and the apples have been picked. The churches are decorated with flowers during the harvest time. Fruits, Vegetables, and a loaf of bread are also used to decorate the churches. Peoples believe that bringing a plough into the church for blessing will result into a plentiful harvesting during the next year. In Mongolia, harvest festival begins in October and most of kindergarten and middle school celebrate this day. They cook with many kind of vegetables that grown in our country. It is our little celebration of harvest festival. Nowadays, American who live in Mongolia usually celebrate thanksgiving and teach us what is it thanksgiving, what kind of foods must be in the dinner table. First time, in high school teacher who works in Peace Corps explained us thanksgiving and show us how they celebrate this holiday. This is all my experiences about thanksgiving. In conclusion, in my opinion this holiday is different from each other but thanksgivings mean is thanking for everyone and have a wonderful dinner with people who you love. And it is the same as harvest festival for other countries.

Why I Want For Cash A Stolen - 2094 Words

I. Introduction â€Å"You can get anything that you want out of life as long as you believe in yourself,† is what my grandfather told me every day until he left us three years ago. I did not realize what he meant, but now that I do I am actively working to accomplish the things that I have always dreamed of; to eliminate the criminal record that I gained during my period of addiction, to purchase and maintain a home that supports a monastic way of living, and to adopt a second and third child. None of these goals come without compromise, determination, sacrifice, or working hard, but I am determined to work toward them to ensure that I can live the best possible life that I can. If not only for myself, but for my family, and our future children. II. Dated, Achievable, Personal, Positive, and Specific Goals Governor’s Pardon In 2008, I made a choice that would forever change the way that I live. I chose to cash a stolen check given to me by a friend. I knew that what I was doing was wrong, but I needed my next fix. At the time, I did not realize the future consequences of my actions and have been paying for them ever since. With a criminal record that includes a Class C felony my chances of obtaining employment that would support the other goals that I wish to reach is nearly impossible. So, I had to ask the Governor of the State of Maine for a Pardon of this crime. He agreed to do so in September of 2014, but with several stipulations. Some that I was already working toward,Show MoreRelatedThe Bugatti Thievs Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesstraight to the police station and reported his car stolen. then he went to work. When he got to work he his boss Steve, noticed the car Martin was driving. Martin wheres the company car you were supposed to bring it in today for inspection Steve said, walking over t o Martin. Yes, I know I was suposed to bring it in today; but it was stolen. Martin said. STOLEN!!! said Steve. Yes Martin replied. 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So am I† The next day, Claire wanted to go back into Snickle’s Toy Shop. She needed to find out what the girl yesterday was doing. As she entered the toy store, everything looked wrong. Mr. Snickle was shaking his head and the place was a mess. â€Å"What happened?† Claire asked. â€Å"We have been robbed!† Mr. Snickle exclaimed. â€Å"What?† â€Å"We have been robbed!† â€Å"I heard what you said.† Claire said, â€Å"I’m just surprised!†

Plutonium Facts (Pu or Atomic Number 94)

Plutonium is element atomic number 94 with element symbol Pu. It is a radioactive metal in the actinide series. Pure plutonium metal is silvery-gray in appearance, but it glows red in the dark because it is pyrophoric. This is a collection of plutonium element facts. Plutonium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 94 Symbol: Pu Atomic Weight: 244.0642 Discovery: G.T. Seaborg, J.W. Kennedy, E.M. McMillan, A.C. Wohl (1940, United States). The first sample of plutonium was produced by deuteron bombardment of uranium in a cyclotron at the University of California at Berkeley. The reaction produced neptunium-238, which decayed via beta emission to form plutonium. While the discovery was documented in a paper sent to Physical Review in 1941, the announcement of the element was delayed until after World War II ended. This was because plutonium was predicted to be fissile and relatively easy to produce and purify using a slow nuclear reactor fueled with uranium to produce plutonium-239. Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Word Origin: Named for the planet Pluto. Isotopes: There are 15 known isotopes of plutonium. The isotope of greatest importance is Pu-239, with a half-life of 24,360 years. Properties: Plutonium has a specific gravity of 19.84 (a modification) at 25 °C, melting point of 641 °C, boiling point of 3232 °C, with a valence of 3, 4, 5, or 6. Six allotropic modifications exist, with various crystalline structures and densities ranging from 16.00 to 19.86 g/cm3. The metal has a silvery appearance which takes a yellow cast when oxidized slightly. Plutonium is a chemically reactive metal. It readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, or hydroiodic acid, forming the Pu3 ion. Plutonium exhibits four ionic valence states in ionic solution. The metal has the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons. A relatively large piece of plutonium gives off enough energy via alpha decay to be warm to the touch. Larger pieces of plutonium give off sufficient heat to boil water. Plutonium is a radiological poison and must be handled with care. It is also important to take precautions to prevent the unintentional formation of cri tical mass. Plutonium is more likely to become critical in liquid solution than as a solid. The shape of the mass is an important factor for criticality. Uses: Plutonium is used as an explosive in nuclear weapons. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to that produced by approximately 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. One kilogram of plutonium is equivalent to 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy, so plutonium is important for nuclear power. Toxicity: Even if it wasnt radioactive, plutonium would be toxic as a heavy metal. Plutonium accumulates in bone marrow. As the element decays, it release alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Both acute and long-term exposure may result in radiation sickness, cancer, and death. Inhaled particles can cause lung cancer. Ingested particles primarily damage the liver and skeleton. Plutonium serves no known biological role in any organism. Sources: Plutonium was the second transuranium actinide to be discovered. Pu-238 was produced by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl in 1940 by deuteron bombardment of uranium. Plutonium may be found in trace amount in natural uranium ores. This plutonium is formed by irradiation of natural uranium by the neutrons which are present. Plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of its trifluoride with alkaline earth metals. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide) Plutonium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.84 Melting Point (K): 914 Boiling Point (K): 3505 Appearance: silvery-white, radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 151 Ionic Radius: 93 (4e) 108 (3e) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 2.8 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 343.5 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.28 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 491.9 Oxidation States: 6, 5, 4, 3 Lattice Structure: Monoclinic Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Seaborg, Glenn T. The Plutonium Story. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. LBL-13492, DE82 004551.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

The, The Jungle By Upton Sinclair, And The Help By Kathryn...

The definition of academic writing has varied consistently throughout the course of any youth’s life. One moment, it is the grand discovery that intrigues the very lives of all, such as Sir Isaac Newton’s 17th century publication, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). Also known as Principia, it is said to be, â€Å"Arguably, the most important book published in the history of science† (Hatch). At another point in one’s youth, academic writing could have been defined as the challenging of moralities. An example of such writing would be, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, or, The Help by Kathryn Stockett. Now, as one begins to take on academic writing at a collegiate level, the author of any piece of literature must take these two accounts into great consideration. Academic writing can be defined as the freedom to express opinionated thoughts over a certain, agreed topic, so that others may be introduced t o different perspectives and form new, underlying ideas. As stated by Tibor Baukal, â€Å"A response paper is your chance to communicate in writing your personal viewpoint and personal learning as they relate specifically to the book, essay, paper, article, etc. in question and the ideas and values contained therein† (â€Å"Eros and Psyche†). Response papers, are therefore, the prime example of academic writing. So, what is the â€Å"actual† definition of academic writing? According to information gathered from the USC Libraries: Research

Conflict Between Conflict And Conflict - 1700 Words

There is no single, precise definition of the word conflict. However, most people recognize conflict in the forms of tension, frustration, verbal or physical abuse, disagreement, annoyance, or rivalry (Carter and Byrnes, 2006). Conflict can occur when two or more individuals or groups have differing interests. Additionally, conflict often involves one or both sides determinedly interfering with the efforts of the other side to achieve its goals. However, conflict can occur when two sides are trying to cooperate in accomplishing a common goal but have conflicting thoughts on the best course of action to pursue. Conflict can range from friendly competition to extreme violence (Carter et al., 2006). In studying the numerous varieties†¦show more content†¦A positive conflict concludes in mutual satisfaction (Drafke, 2009). Below are the benefits that might result in positive conflicts: 1. As a consequence of a conflict, talents, and abilities might emerge. When an indi vidual encounters conflict, he or she may become more resourceful than they are in a calm state (Dubrin, 2017). Conflict often instills creativity in people (Dubrin, 2017). For example, research has shown that workers exposed to a mild conflict in the work environment often obtained more job-associated information. Therefore, they performed their jobs better (Dubrin, 2017). 2. Experiencing conflict can enable one to feel better since conflict fulfills some psychological needs. Even though most people like a good fight, most individuals will be content to argue as a substitute (Dubrin, 2017). 3. Conflict can cause people to become united. As a result of a conflict, individuals involved may be made more accommodating to each other in the aftermath (Dubrin, 2017). Many believe that accommodation of disputing parties is a result of mutual experiences of being in a conflict (Dubrin, 2017) 4. Conflict can avert poor decisions in that it prevents people from agreeing too fast with each other. A potential problem of group decision making is what many refer to groupthink. Groupthink emerges when some groups become so cohesive that their tendency to agreeShow MoreRelatedConflict Between Conflict And Conflict1809 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1990s conflict in Kosovo is one that has been identified as a result of a long running and intractable dispute. The dispute identified is one between Kosovo’s Albanians or Kosovar, and the Serbians. The reasons for the dispute stem from several issues, each can be attributed to increasing the intractability of the conflict. The issues that have been identified stem from ethnic issues, or political. In the Kosovo region the ethnic issues are generally from the vast differences between the AlbaniansRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict1461 Words   |  6 PagesConflict is generally considered a typical part of human interactions and is not in itself essentially damaging. Rather, it is how conflict is managed that determines whether or not the outcomes are going to be constructive or damaging (Deutsch, 2006). Thus, conflict management, the method of managing a dispute and associated conflicts, is very important in producing satisfactory or disappointing outcomes. It is therefore vitally important to know your conflict management style, along with itsRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict1330 Words   |  6 Pages For this paper, I chose conflict because it is present in nearly every aspect of life, it is unavoidable, and knowing how to handle it is a valuable tool which I woul d like to investigate. Webster defines conflict as â€Å"A mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands†, but the reality is there is no clear definition of how conflict starts, no two conflicts are the same, and they all start for different reasons over different issuesRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe most important point is that conflict in organizations is increasing as they become more complex, culturally diverse, and global. Conflict has been thought of as necessary at times to keep the wheels of progress turning. Therefore, concentration on conflict in organizations has went from strategies to try to eliminate it to managing it. One issue is training managers how to manage that conflict. Conflict can be detrimental or beneficial to the organization. In order to be beneficial, leadersRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management845 Word s   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"People are afraid of conflict because they do not have essential skills to manage it well.† This is true because according to O’Grady and Malloch (2016), conflict is reflection of an insufficient knowledge of the dynamics of conflict and a lack of capability in its management. In the case of Nancy, perhaps she needs to undergo specialty training or classes about conflict management in order to improve their unit’s dynamic or interaction. 2. â€Å"If you engage with conflict too early, there is a chanceRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1772 Words   |  8 Pagesopinion there will also be a chance for some form of conflict to arise. To resolve and manage conflict, any organization or persons’ must try to understand the causes, theories, approaches and strategies of conflict management. Resolving conflict requires a great deal of attention and thorough understanding in seeking resolution. In this review, conflict management will be explored in general from different perspectives in light of how conflict effects teams or groups, workplace relationships andRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1313 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and conflict management both play pivotal roles in all relationships, whether they are between friends, family, lovers, or coworkers. However, while most relationships have an abundance of conflict, the amount of properly implemented conflict ma nagement in all relationships is relatively low. This is especially surprising when you consider the sheer amount of research and counseling directed at managing conflict in constructive ways. 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It affects the organization by reducing productivity, decreasing communication, poorer decision-making, decreasing cooperation, and political backstabbing (Runde Flanagan, 2008). However, if the conflict is addressed effectively, it can stimulate creativity and produce more opportunities for enhance communication, better understandingRead MoreConflict Between Rational And Conflict1417 Words   |  6 Pagesrange of answers that give a perspective on the various sources of conflict. The first is that the cost of war cannot be outrageously high. The anticipated outcome of gaining resources, power, and/or territory cannot exceed the expected cost of conflict, including damages to property and life. The second is that a failure in bargaining must be present to create the inability of reaching a mutual agreement. Understanding war betwee n rational actors and why bargaining fails is based on five factors:

Operation Managerment Free Essays

I. Discussion and Review Question: 1. Briefly describe the term operations management? Answer: Operations Management is management of system or processes that create goods or provide service. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Managerment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term operations management includes interrelated activities such as forecasting, capacity planning, scheduling, managing inventories, assuring quality, motivating employees, and deciding where to locate facilities and more. 2. Identify the three major functional areas of business organization and briefly describe how they interrelate? Answer: The three major functional areas of business are finance, operations and marketing. Finance is responsible for securing financial resources at favorable prices and allocating those resources throughout the organization, as well as budgeting, analyzing investment proposals and providing funds for operations. Moreover, operations function is responsible for producing products and delivering services and it needs the support as well as input from others areas of the organization such as finance and marketing. And finally, marketing is responsible for assessing consumer wants and needs, as well as selling and promoting goods or services. Marketing and Operations are the primary or line function. 3. Describe the operations function and the nature of the operations manager’s job? Answer: Operations is responsible for producing the goods or providing the service offered by the organization. Therefore, the nature of the operations manager’s job is to guide the system by decision making. Certain decision affects the design of the system, and others affect the operation of the system. System design involves decisions that relate to system capacity, the geographic location of the facilities and acquisition of equipment. 4. List five important differences between goods production and service operation; then list five important similarities? Answer: Five important differences between good production and service operation are degree of customer contact, uniformity of input, labor content of jobs, uniformity of output and measurement of productivity. Five important similarities: both goods production and service operation involve design and operating decisions. Goods production must decide what size factory is needed and service operations must decide what size building is needed. Both must make decisions on location, work schedules, capacity and allocation of scare resources. 5. Briefly discuss each of these term related to the historical evolution of operations management: industrial revolution, scientific management, interchangeable parts and division of labor. Answer: Industrial Revolution began in 1770s in England and spread to the rest of Europe and to the United States during the 19th century. Then, a number of innovations in the 18th century changed the face of the production forever by substituting machine power for human power. A major change occurred that gave the Industrial Revolution a boost: the development of standard gauging systems. This greatly reduced the need for custom-made goods. Factories began to spring up and grow rapidly, providing the jobs for the countless people who were attracted in large number form rural areas. Scientific Management era brought widespread changes to the management of the factories. The movement was spearheaded by the efficiency engineer and inventor Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor believed in a â€Å"science of management† based on observation, measurement, analysis, and improvement of work method, and economic incentives. Interchangeable parts are parts of a product made to such precision that they do not have to be custom fitted. Division of labor means the breaking up of production process into small tasks, so that each worker perform small portion of the overall job. II. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. Many organizations offer a combination of goods and service to their customers. As you learned in this chapter, there are some key differences between production of goods and delivery of service. What are the implications of these differences relative to managing operation? Answer: It is good to combine between goods and service to their customers. Although goods is physical items produced by business organizations and services include activities that provide some combine of time, location, from, and psychological value, goods and services have a relationship to increase number of customers. Beside the company sell the goods, the company need to take care customer with services. It helps the customers trust and pleasure the goods as much as possible. Nowadays, the sale department and customer services department have to connect together to get profit and have potential customers. A good example for that is coffee shop. When you sell cups of coffee for customer, customers not only concern taste as well as the quality of coffee, but also they concern how they are serviced, the coffee is brought quickly or not. Therefore, it is necessary to combine and improve quality of goods and services. III. Case: Hazel 1. In what ways are Hazel’s customers most likely to judge the quality of her lawn care services? Answer: Most Hazel’s customers judge the quality of her lawn care service depend on the way Hazel take care, how long she take care their garden, after Hazel take care, how their garden look, it is beautiful or not. For example, when Hazel mows lawns, she use good material, she work carefully and finish her job on time. It makes her customers satisfy and her job is considered successfully. 3. What are some the trade-offs that Hazel probably considered related to: Working for a company instead of for herself, Expanding the business, Launching the website: Answer: a. Working for a company instead of for herself: If Hazel continues to find the job, she can find the good and satisfy job. However, she will not realize that she can be able to manage and do business. She can continue lose the job and she have to find other the job. She can earn less money with her job than her business. b. Expanding the business: When Hazel expand the business, there are some trade-offs for her. Firstly, she has to spend more money instead of saving her money in the account bank. Secondly, it takes long time for her to do business, and she does not enough time to take care her family. And finally, her business can be unsuccessful and she can lose many things. c. Launching the website: The biggest trade-off for launching the website is her time. When she has the website, there are a lot of customers knows her business. The problem can be that she does not have enough time to cover, if she does not have enough employees. How to cite Operation Managerment, Papers

Hookah vs Cigarettes Sample Essay Example For Students

Hookah vs Cigarettes Sample Essay There are legion Arab households that have hookahs in their places ; they invariably use them as an amusement or a interest in forepart of the telecasting or as a manner to loosen up. Nowadays. there are many legal merchandises that anybody can purchase that are really harmful and habit-forming for the human organic structure. It is of import for people to hold a better cognition of these substances in order to diminish the usage of these substances. This is a relevant topic because a batch of people get ill and dice from baccy usage. There are many arguments traveling today about the dangers of narghile smoke and coffin nails. Therefore. the inquiry asked is: is hookah smoking more unsafe than coffin nails and do they hold the exact same ingredients in them? Cigarette smoke is more common around the universe compared to hookah smoke. Most people know that smoking coffin nails is harmful. A merchandise that is really similar to coffin nails is hookah. Because narghile is non every bi t popular as coffin nails. most people are non cognizant of the injury of narghile smoke. Both coffin nails and narghile tobacco users inhale baccy fume ; the difference is the manner it is inhaled. Smoking baccy leads to tar covering the lungs that finally causes many different sorts of malignant neoplastic disease and bosom diseases ( â€Å"Harmful Health Effects† ) . It is of import to cognize more about this topic because people still smoke after being made aware of the effects. Hookah is normally used jointly with a group of friends. It is frequently smoked in a alone manner ; tobacco users sit down or thin back on their chairs. sofas. or even floors to do themselves comfy. There is a particular type of baccy used in narghile made of molasses. fruit. and other spirit infusions. The tobacco users have a big assortment of spirits that they can take from so that the fume inhaled has a sweet gustatory sensation of the spirit of their personal pick. Hookah smoke is designed to be smoked in a peaceable manner ( â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah† ) . A hookah smoke session can last for hours. in other words. narghile tobacco users inhale a batch more fume than coffin nail tobacco users. This goes back to the proposed inquiry ; is hookah smoking more unsafe than coffin nails and do they hold the exact same ingredients in them? The difference between n arghile nuts and coffin nail nuts is because coffin nails are easy to transport around. a coffin nail tobacco user will transport around a package of coffin nails everyplace and whenever he feels like smoking. he can merely illume up a coffin nail. Peoples smoke it invariably during the twenty-four hours. Hookahs are non easy movable. this means that the tobacco users are in less contact with their narghile. The lone clip narghile users can smoke it is at place or in a hookah saloon ; narghile users have to wait until they go place to smoke it. The dependence comes from the nicotine. it makes the tobacco users want more mundane. There is an norm of 35 million tobacco users who try to discontinue every twelvemonth and the sad portion is that 85 per centum of them last less than a hebdomad without nicotine in their organic structures. If the tobacco users are used to smoking narghile at place with their friends everyday. they will experience as if they are losing something the twenty-four hours they do non smoke it. Addicted baccy tobacco users have nicotine act out in their encephalons in a bad manner. When a baccy user attempts to halt. the demand of nicotine leads to many symptoms including bad pique. hungriness. unhappiness. jitteriness. and kiping jobs. These symptoms start merely hours after the last coffin nail smoked. This causes the tobacco users to immediately hold the desire to smoke ( USA. gov ) . These symptoms besides exist for the narghile tobacco users when they are in demand. The difference is that the narghile tobacco users last more before they need to smoke narghile. Both narghile and coffin nails are habit-forming. Hookah. besides known as hubble-bubble has many other monikers: hookah. boory. goza. nargile and arghile. Waterpipe smoke is an old technique that derives from Asia. Hookah is going more and more popular in Europe and North America. There are many concerns about its wellness effects and there are besides concerns about its likely causes of dependence. Appraisals say that every twenty-four hours. there are about 100 million people smoking narghile. Ten old ages ago. immature people seldom smoked narghile. this changed radically in the past few old ages. Data collected from The Global Youth Tobacco Survey shows that out of the 90. 000 adolescents between 13 and 15 asked in the Eastern Mediterranean part. 10 % of the misss and 16 % of the male childs smoke baccy from narghile. In the United States. 27 % of striplings between 14 and 18 old ages old have used narghile at least one time in their lives. An undergraduate study from Virginia Commonwealth University discovered that merely unde r half of the pupils have smoked narghile and that 20 % of the pupils asked are active consumers of narghile. Hookah smoke is often seen to be safer and less habit-forming than smoking coffin nails because people assume that the fume inhaled is filtered when it passes through the H2O. The World Health Organization does non hold with this thought ( â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah† ) . These statistics are really high and it shows that most people do non cognize the harmful effects of narghile. Research workers from the American University of Beirut found that narghile tobacco users breathe in 10 times more fume than coffin nail tobacco users. They besides found that each mouthful of fume has approximately 10 times more fume than that acquired from a whole coffin nail ( â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah† ) . After measuring those smoking forms. members from the World Health Organization concluded that in a normal hookah-smoking period. a narghile tobacco user inhales the same sum of fume as in 100 coffin nails ( O’Connor ) . Data confirms that narghile fume is found to be less harmful than coffin nail fume. The nicotine and other unsafe substances found in baccy fume are less exposed in narghile fume than coffin nail fume. However. narghile tobacco users are being exposed to a batch more fume. which means that they are undertaking elevated sums of toxins and carcinogens. This gives a higher opportunity of initial diseases. and malignant neoplastic diseases. Even though the H2O filters a small sum of the fume inhaled. scientists believe that they are still being exposed to a sufficient sum of nicotine to get down dependence ( â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah† ) . Because narghile tobacco users inhale more fume than cigarettes tobacco users. narghiles are perceived to be more harmful than coffin nails. ( â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah† ) Performance Enhancing Drugs EssayThis fume can do to serious wellness jobs even though people did non hold any contact with it ( Hurt ) . Waterpipe smoking delivers a big sum of the habit-forming drug nicotine and is every bit unsafe as coffin nail fume. Because of the manner it is smoked ; the puffing. the inspiration and length of the smoke Sessionss. narghile tobacco users absorb higher concentrations of the toxicants found in coffin nail fume. If a tobacco user spends a whole hr smoke narghile. this means he will inhale about 100 to 200 times the measure inhaled from a normal coffin nail. When a narghile is shared with another individual. this sharing can be unsafe by conveying different types of unsafe and contagious diseases ( â€Å"Chronic Disease Prevention† ) . Smoking narghile has many different and unsafe hazards that similar to the hazards of smoking a normal coffin nail. sometimes even more unsafe. These unsafe hazards include unwritten malignant neoplastic dise ase. lung malignant neoplastic disease. tummy malignant neoplastic disease. and other types of malignant neoplastic diseases. When heating the baccy in the narghile. it increases the hazards by bring forthing high degrees of chemicals that cause malignant neoplastic disease. Passing through H2O does non do the fume produced by the narghile any less toxic than normal coffin nail fume. Numerous toxic stuffs that can do bosom diseases and other serious unwellnesss are found in narghile baccy ( â€Å"Chronic Disease Prevention† ) . Babies who are born to a female parent who has smoked waterpipes some clip during her gestation can hold some serious wellness jobs. One of the jobs the babe may hold is holding a really low weight compared to the weight of the other babes of normal and healthy parents. Another job that may happen is that these kids may hold some serious respiratory jobs ( â€Å"Chronic Disease Prevention† ) . Some narghile users believe that it is non unsafe. However. many different surveies that have been done around the universe say that narghile users are inhaling larger sums of toxins and carcinogens that might be a factor taking to unsafe and deathly diseases. It is true that some of the nicotine in the narghile is filtered when it passes from the H2O. but there is still adequate nicotine in hookah fume for the user to be addicted. Dr. Michael Miller. the editor in head of the Harvard Mental Health Letter. proposes that while waiting for more information about the research that is being done on how to halt narghile. people should be more attentive and careful about the many dangers that hookah causes. In decision. narghile smoke and coffin nail smoke are both harmful to the human organic structure. The lone difference between the two merchandises is the manner that they are smoked. When smoking narghile. far more fume is inhaled compared to smoking coffin nails. When analyzing the two products’ smoke closely. professionals found that they are about indistinguishable in every manner except for the nicotine. Cigarette fume has more nicotine than hookah fume. But even though. hookah smoking provides adequate nicotine for the tobacco users to acquire addicted. Even though the substances in the coffin nails are a spot more harmful. narghile smoke in general is found to be more unsafe than coffin nail smoke. R esearchers found that a whole coffin nail is about equal to 0. 5 litres of fume. This is nil compared to hookah smoke which the fume inhaled in one whiff is tantamount to 1 litre of fume ; this means that it is about equal to 2 coffin nails! Not a batch of people are cognizant of this information. Most people believe that the H2O filters all the bad elements about narghile but in world. it merely filters an undistinguished portion of the bad elements. Both coffin nails and narghile cause great injury to the human organic structure. but the frequent usage of the narghile. can impair human wellness much faster and due to the big sums of fume inhaled in narghile smoke. narghile are in fact more unsafe than coffin nails. The good odor of narghile pulls the wool over the smokers’ eyes. The fact that it does non savor bad besides blinds the tobacco users and the good feeling makes them desire more of it. Work Cited: Anitei. Stefan. Hookah Smoking. Much More Harmful than Cigarette Smoking.Softpedia. 1 June 2007. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. .â€Å"Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA Government. 13 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. .Eissenberg. T. et Al. â€Å"Tobacco Smoking Using a Waterpipe: A Re-emerging Strain in a Global Epidemic. † JSTOR. BMJ Publishing Group. 2004. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. .â€Å"Harmful Health Effectss of Smoking Cigarettes. † Quit Smoking Stop. Len Johnson. 2011. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. .â€Å"The Hazards of Hookah. † Harvard Mental Health Letter 24 ( Mar. 2008 ) : n. pag. EBSCO. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. .Hurt. Richard D. â€Å"Is Hookah Smoking Safer than Smoking Cigarettes? † Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. n. d. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. .Khan. Alifiya. â€Å"30 Minutes of Hookah = 50 Cigarettes’ Nicotine. † Hindustan Times 23 May 2009: n. pag. Ebsco. Web. 13 Dec. 20 11. .KM. Sajid. Malik GQ. and Akhter M. â€Å"Carbon Monoxide Fractions in Cigarette and Hookah ( Hubble Bubble ) Smoke. † UK Pubmed Central. N. p. . n. d. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. .Lee. Stephanie. â€Å"Hookah Vs. Cigarettes: Is There Such a Thing as a Safe Alternative? † Mochi. N. p. . 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. .O’Connor. Anahad. â€Å"The Claim: Hookahs Are Safer than Cigarettes. † New York Times. N. p. . 11 Sept. 2007. Web. 7 Dec. 2011..â€Å"Shisha Smoke Is More Harmful than Cigarettes. † Medical News Today. MediLexicon International Ltd. 2 Nov. 2007. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. .USA. gov. â€Å"Is Nicotine Addictive? † Research Reports: Tobacco Addiction. N. p. : n. p. . 2009. National Instute on Drug Abuse. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. .

Marketing and Management Purchasing - Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Management for Purchasing, Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction The study consists of branding and marketing strategy of an assisted living facilities company of New Jersey. The company chosen for formulating the strategies of marketing is Union Family First. The sector is developing recently in United States along with different parts of the world. The company is focused on providing facilities to the elderly people along with providing safety and health standards. Many theories and models would be described in the study by elaborating branding, positioning, marketing and consumer behavior strategies. Marketers are always focusing on innovation that would help the company to make stand apart from the competitors present in the market. Marketing communication channels are implemented for Union Family First while promoting the brand in the market. It also includes the mission statement of the company aligned with the marketing strategy formulated for the enterprise. Consumer behavior is a vital factor that businesses focus nowadays for catering ta rget customers with specific products. The main aim is to attract more customers towards the products of the enterprise. Marketing of Union Family First is important because it is a new business in the market and people must know about the enterprise i.e. increased brand awareness. Branding Strategy Multiproduct branding strategy is the best strategy Union Family First should adapt to increase the brand awareness in the market. In this strategy, the company will use its brand name in its products. The strategy of brand building is also known as umbrella branding, corporate branding and family branding. There are many advantages of using this strategy to build brand by the company (Kapferer, 2012). The strategy can capitalize on the companys brand equity. If customers gain positive experience about the products of the brand, then he will pass positive feedback for the other products of the company. As the name of the different products serving by the company include companys name in the brand, other products and services will enjoy the advantage. The company is new in the market. Hence, the branding strategy of Union Family First will be unique so that customers get attracted by the name and facilities provided by the company (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2012). The process of branding will include brand logo, slogan for the brand along with brand extension. However, the concept of brand extension is possible only when Union Families First will able to uphold a strong brand image in the market. Brand extension is defined as the employment of the existing brand name to a new category of product. The slogan of the brand is Happiness for life. in this case, special care to patients suffering from Dementia and Alzheimer. The company must follow few components for building a comprehensive strategy. They are purpose, emotion, consistency, employee involvement, flexibility, loyalty and competitive awareness. Brands should be promising in nature. A defining purpose of the company can differentiate it from its competitors in the marketplace. It will define the brand positioning in the market. Union Family First can use intentional purpose in brand building that includes motivation of making money along with doing well to the community (Braun et al., 2013). After setting the purpose the brand logo, slogan is commenced which will be used to implement in the next steps of branding strategy. The company should maintain a consistency that will communicate the message of the brand to the target customers. Emotion of the consumers is a vital thing of consideration for brand building. Customers should be included in the strategy for making strong image of the brand. In the competitive business world, brand must b e flexible in nature to adapt changes in the market (Gummerus et al., 2012). Apart from that, Union Family First should incorporate loyalty, competitive awareness in implementing the multiproduct branding strategy along with brand extension for building successful image in the market. Marketing Strategy Union Family First can use integrated marketing communication mix for promoting the brand in the market. In United States, many companies are into this business. The company must differentiate its facilities from its competitors to gain attention from potential customers in the market. The target customers of the company include senior citizens along with family persons. Marketing communication of the company include sales promotions, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and personal selling (Tukej et al., 2013). Union Family First can advertise their brand in the local television channel of New Jersey along with radio broadcasting, print ads, billboards, web pages, motion pictures, etc. Display ads are very important in terms of increasing brand value and brand awareness in the market. The billboards of the facilities should present in prime locations of New Jersey so that people can get idea about the new upcoming brand in the market. The content of the advertisement sho uld be innovative and clutter breaking (Armstrong et al., 2012). Personal selling includes sales people to meet potential people and convert them into customers via sales presentation, sales meeting, telemarketing, etc. The sales people of the company should be trained in a way so that they can convince elderly people to avail the exclusive service provided by the company. The company can take part in exhibitions, trade shows, trade-ins for forecasting their brand in public. Direct marketing technique of Union Family First consists of promotional letters, online display ad, online display ads, social media marketing, etc. The company must have to develop a website that should be user-friendly and must contain all the required information a viewer search for an assisted living facility (Rothaermel, 2015). A professional high quality video must be uploaded on YouTube. In this way, the marketers of Union Family First can increase customer engagement. The company must register itself in Google My Business and Google Local in search engine optimization. Union Family First can sponsor many cultural events in the community for branding and marketing of the new company (Barney, 2012). A timetable is provided for the marketing strategy adopted by the firm for checking the time required and budget involved in the commercialization strategies of Union Family First. Outline Number Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors 1 Marketing strategy of Union Family First 105 days Wed 8/17/16 Tue 1/10/17 1.1 Billboard advertisement 15 days Wed 8/17/16 Tue 9/6/16 1.2 Promoting on social networking sites 10 days Wed 9/7/16 Tue 9/20/16 2 1.3 Advertising on media channels and press 10 days Wed 9/21/16 Tue 10/4/16 3 1.4 Hiring search engines web sites for search optimization of company's websites 1 month Wed 10/5/16 Tue 11/1/16 4 1.5 Brand awareness by participating in trade shows and social campaigns 15 days Wed 11/2/16 Tue 11/22/16 5 1.6 Promotion of services through sales representatives 1 month Wed 11/23/16 Tue 12/20/16 6 1.7 Advertising through pamphlets on local shops 15 days Wed 12/21/16 Tue 1/10/17 7 Table 1: Marketing Strategy of Union Family First (Source: Created by author) Positioning Statement There are many assisted living facilities in New Jersey. The companies in this sector already occupy dominant position in the market. Every company specializes in particular factors that attract new clients to their enterprise. Positioning is very important for starting a new business in this sector. The primary target market for Union Family First is the people between the age group of 45 to 55 years (Kozlenkova et l., 2014). They are the people who will choose facilities for their parents. However, secondary target market of the enterprise is the elderly people. Many old people are alone and search suitable complexes for themselves in their old age. The company promotes the product in the market by conducting extensive market research so that it can satisfy the demands of the customer (Morgan, 2012). Market research will help Union Family First to know about competitors as well as latent needs of the prospective clients. The assisted living facilities companies in New Jersey are Pe ggys House (PH), Residence at Forsgate (RF), Sunrise of Basking Ridge (SBR), Merion Garden Assisted Living (MGAL), Granville House (GH), Juniper Village (JV), Reflections, Presbyterian Home (PH), Sunrise of Edgewater (SE), etc. A perceptual map is developed for union families first for developing marketing positioning strategy of the company in the market. The map will help the enterprise to understand about its position in the market (Sirianni et al., 2013). Development of perceptual map by Union Family First helps the marketer to frame a positioning strategy along with a positioning statement. The perceptual map is drawn in the following regarding affordability and quality of the assisted living facilities of Union Family First (Fuchs Diamantopoulos, 2012). Figure: Perceptual Map of Union Family First (UFF) (Source: Author) According to the perceptual map of Union Families First, the company will position itself as budgetary living with high quality of service provided to the elderly people. As it is a new business in the market, the price should be kept quiet at the beginning for attracting customers. The positioning statement of Union Family First is Assisted living homes at affordable prices with high-class service provided to the customers. Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is a vital aspect that companies must focus for developing new products as well as formulating marketing plans according to the nature of the customers. The company is based on New Jersey. Union Family First can use theories of consumer behaviour for determining the buying behaviour, purchasing decision, influence of people on shoppers, and nature of buyers in the market (Ridder et al., 2014). The business of assisted living facilities is itself a niche category of business. Black Box model is used for identifying the behaviour of the customers in the market. It is a theory of behaviorism that will help the company in determining the decision-making process of the buyers along with their characteristics. The theory considers rational decision-making process of customers in the market (Schiffman et al., 2013). However, consumer behavior is important in formulating the positioning strategy, marketing strategy and branding strategy of the company. The company collects a lot of information by implementing the model in real life scenario. The target customers must belong to middle class and upper class of the society. The lifestyle of the people should be healthy. The target customers especially the family person must be working in higher position in organizations (Kacen et al., 2013). It is clear that the people are knowledgeable enough to decide their preferred companies for availing services for their nearest people. Another significant advantage of the model is recognizing problem. If the Union Family First provides effective solutions to the problem raised in the minds of the customers, then the company will definitely convince the customers (Venkatesh et al., 2013). Based on the consumer behaviour, the branding strategy, marketing strategy and the positioning statement of Union Family First are right in terms of identifying target markets. The marketing plan is perfectly aligned to the consumer behaviour. Every strategies of the company are targeted towards the nature of customers so that the brand earns recognition and reputation from the market. Mission statement of the company The mission statement of Union Families First is to create a nurturing, exceptional and supportive environment to the elderly people with newly designed beautiful homes. Union Family First is a company based on New Jersey in the sector of assisted living facilities. The company is focused to serve elderly people along with providing extra healthcare facilities. The headquarter of the company will be located at Cape May area of New Jersey. Union Family First focuses on delivering exceptional flats with modern amenities. Extra care should be provided to older people along with different types of healthcare facilities within the residential complexes. The company owns its licensed physicians and physical therapist to provide emergency support to the elderly patients. The people who will reside in the residential complexes of Union Family First will feel difference provided by the company. The staffs that are in charge of the flats or living facilities are well trained and are known for providing excellent customer service. The executives of the company are constantly focused in building trust and good rapport with the existing customers. The living faci lities of Union Family First are built in areas that are located in the outskirts of main city of New Jersey. Conclusion The study explains various framework of marketing and consumer behaviour that enhance the company to build a strong image in the assisted living facility market. The market is developed in United States. The accommodation for the elderly people is a booming industry in United States. The company has sufficient scope to expand its business in the New Jersey area by formulating effective marketing strategy. Elderly care in an assisted living facilities company is a sensitive issue that targets senior people and their families. A sense of care and trust should be build among the clients of the company. Fostering trust is a vital aspect that can actually enhance the company to gain confidence of more customers in the market. Apart from that, word of mouth is an important aspect that can create a significant impact in the marketing of the company. Theories of marketing framework, maintaining referral network, consumer behaviour are implemented in the study for commencing the marketing pla n of Union Family First. The study also includes mission statement of the company that incorporates objectives of the company in the marketplace. However, implementing this marketing plan, Union Family First will definitely achieve the goals of marketing along with organizational goals. Reference List Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2012).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), 3-6. Braun, E., Kavaratzis, M., Zenker, S. (2013). My city-my brand: the different roles of residents in place branding.Journal of Place Management and Development,6(1), 18-28. Fuchs, C., Diamantopoulos, A. (2012). Customer Perceived Positioning Effectiveness: Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Implications for New Product Managers.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(2), 229-244. Gummerus, J., Liljander, V., Weman, E., Pihlstrm, M. (2012). Customer engagement in a Facebook brand community.Management Research Review,35(9), 857-877. Kacen, J. J., Hess, J. D., Chiang, W. Y. K. (2013). Bricks or clicks? Consumer attitudes toward traditional stores and online stores.Global Economics and Management Review,18(1), 12-21. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kozlenkova, I. V., Samaha, S. A., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). Resource-based theory in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), 1-21. Morgan, N. A. (2012). Marketing and business performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), 102-119. Ridder, H. G., Hoon, C., McCandless Baluch, A. (2014). Entering a dialogue: Positioning case study findings towards theory.British Journal of Management,25(2), 373-387. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A., Carlson, J. (2013).Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Tukej, U., Golob, U., Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumerbrand identification in building brand relationships.Journal of business research,66(1), 53-59. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.MIS quarterly,36(1), 157-178.

Understanding How an APUSH DBQ Sample Works

Understanding How an APUSH DBQ Sample WorksThe Apush DBQ sample essay service is a new business to many business schools. Students who have completed Business Law, Accounting, or Finance courses find that they enjoy the course's a great deal but do not like having to take multiple exams. If you wish to reduce your burden, consider completing some APUSH DBQ samples. There are some quick tips for getting the most out of your APUSH DBQ services.One of the biggest advantages of APUSH DBQ is that it will help you understand what differentiates a truly good essay from a mediocre one. It also gives you a general idea of what you should expect in each essay type. However, when working with a blank piece of paper, or another blank sheet of paper, it can be difficult to give any specific direction or instruction.The process of taking a DBQ, then submitting it, and then waiting several weeks for a decision is a frustrating one for many students. One of the best tips for helping you to better un derstand how this process works is to start a business on your own. Start an Internet based business that allows you to operate an online business. After the basic set up has been completed, create a simple to-do list with the key areas of focus.You will have to select certain times of the year to run the business. Determine how much you will need to charge per sale. Then, make a choice of the types of business you want to do. A business that requires more detailed manual work will require you to spend less time on it, while a short-term consulting business will require more time than a long-term consulting business.One of the benefits of doing an APUSH DBQ sample is that you can research the products and services that are available to you and the people you sell them to. This will allow you to get a feel for how the sales and marketing process will work. Your goal, at this point, is to determine if your customers will purchase the product or service from you.It is difficult to revi ew a sample of a DBQ and understand it if you are not familiar with the material. This will take some research on your part. In addition, it can take some time to read the material and understand it thoroughly, so if you are working with a blank sheet of paper, or a different blank piece of paper, then your APUSH DBQ services may not be as effective as they could be.Finally, if you are doing a DBQ for a company that charges by the hour, then you will have to assess your time. Many things have to be taken into consideration. You will need to budget in time that you will use during the day for reviewing the material, and you will need to budget in time that you will need to devote to proofreading the material.

Gothic Cathedrals Essays - Church Architecture, Architecture

Gothic Cathedrals tracery - In architecture, branching, ornamental stonework, generally in a window, where it supports the glass. Tracery is particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture. Example: The tracery in a rose window of Washington Cathedral, Washington, DC. This graphic displays four different photos-- they amount to a zoom into the tracery. Also see fenestration, foil, quatrefoil, and stained glass. rose window - Large circular windows of tracery and stained glass found in Gothic cathedrals. Also called a wheel window. Examples: transept - An aisle between the apse and nave. It cuts across the nave and side aisles to form a cross-shaped floor plan. Also see architecture, cathedral, and Gothic. nave - The major, central part of a church where the congregation gathers. It leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir, and is usually flanked by side aisles. An example: A photo of the nave of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, France, as seen upon entering it from the narthex, and looking toward the altar. The ceiling's vaults are visible above. Light is entering the nave through stained glass windows. Also see column and pier. aisle - A long, narrow space on either side of the nave of a church, usually between a row of columns or piers and the outer wall. It is often referred to as a side aisle. choir - The part of a church where services are sung. It is usually east of the transept, and within the chancel, but may extend into the nave. chancel - The part of a church reserved for clergy and containing the altar and the choir. ltarpiece or altar-piece - A piece of artwork which is placed above and either on or behind an altar in a Christian church or other religious platform. Usually it is a votive painting, a set of painted and/or carved panels (often a triptych), or a decorative screen.

Steps In Purchasing A Mobile Home Essay Example

Steps In Purchasing A Mobile Home Essay Example Steps In Purchasing A Mobile Home Essay Steps In Purchasing A Mobile Home Essay Steps In Purchasing A Mobile Home There are a variety of steps involved in purchasing land and a mobile home. From clearing land to landscaping requires many hours of hard work. You will be faced with obstacles and financial situations that you will have to over come in order to make a house a home. The first step in buying a home is to decide where to live; most mobile home dealers only sell the mobile homes. It is normally up to the buyer to find their own land. Once the land is located, it is time to arrange for a construction loan to pay for all the necessary additional expenses. It is not just buying the home, but all the other steps that are such a hassle. This is where hard work is involved. First find a home that is suitable for your needs. It is the buyer?s decision how to finance the mobile home. The buyer has several options. They can self finance the expenses or rely on another company to take care of securing financing. In approximately thirty days the financer can get the loan approved and closed. The next step is preparing the land. Once the buyer decides on their home, land, mobile, water, needs, feet, three, placed, should, septic, once, hundred, cost, additional, work, trim, tank, system, step, runners, ready, perk, next, installed, driveway, concrete, buyer, been, twelve, skirted, out, make, lines, involved, inches

Networking is the most important skill a new manager needs to develop Essay

Networking is the most important skill a new manager needs to develop if they are to be successful in their sector - Essay Example Today in fact every business faces fast changes and new opportunities constantly. That requires from managers to keep trace on the recent developments in terms of products, customers, employees, and so on, and that makes one of the most critical managerial skill to be networking (Pfeffer, J. 2009). Every successful manager has a priori several traits, which help him to network. He or she can certainly do well such things as: talk, listen and hear, remember names of people, keep in mind the news related to the company’s products, industry news, staff changes, etc. Such a manager knows his or her colleagues good, has good relations with them, knows what is going on in the organization and outside. All that gives additional advantages, for example, to apply for a position, which have just become vacant, or to get involved in an interesting project, about which not many people know, etc. Such a manager values his or her connections, tries to keep and develop them. He or she never burns bridges, for example when leaves some place in a bad situation, he or she will try his or her best to save good relations with people, because there is a very big chance to meet them in life later, may be in other roles. Networking assumes the ability to speak good. In order to develop speaking skills a person needs to practice them. Toastmasters’ clubs exist to become a great speaker and to find new acquaintances. In order to find new acquaintances a person needs to have deep knowledge in at least several general topics to be able to talk about, say football, music, and politics. In this case there is a very big probability that a person will be able to keep communication with somebody whom he or she sees the first time in life. Knowing other cultures and other languages increases the networking opportunities greatly. In case you know a foreign language you may

Falls Prevention in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Falls Prevention in Australia - Essay Example Unintentional falls are common risks mostly among elderly individuals who may experience non-fatal injuries from these falls. Fall-related injuries are common among these older adults, hip fractures being one of them. Mortality rates in relation to falls are also high in this age group, and death is even a major possibility among those 85 years and above (Currie, 2007). This is also the case in Australia where the common sufferers of falls belong to the above 65 age group (Department of Health and Ageing, 2012). Fall-related injuries mostly include hip fractures and wrist fractures. Some patients have also been known to suffer head injuries from their falls. The older the patient, the risk of death is also higher, especially among the above 85 years old age group (Department of Health and Ageing, 2012). The cost and health impact of these falls are also significant, sometimes leading to other health problems and issues (Currie, 2007). For the elderly individuals, the recovery period from their falls is usually longer. Due to prolonged healing, they may also develop pressure ulcers which can further delay the healing process (Currie, 2007). Falls management cost the government millions of dollars, with costs amounting to 170 million dollars for fall-related injuries. Moreover, the risk of re-injury or future falls is also an ever-persistent risk for patients (Currie, 2007). In effect, falls are a significant public health issue which needs to be addressed by health authorities. Throughout the years, various studies have been undertaken on the problem of falls and related injuries, including interventions to prevent and manage their occurrence. This study seeks to evaluate the clinical question: How significant is lighting in the prevention of falls among the elderly? This study shall first evaluate the literature on falls prevention, critically evaluating such literature and assessing their formal and structural validity and reliability. This review shall also d iscuss the search strategy applied in order to establish studies to be reviewed. Then, it will identify the critical assessment tool to be used to evaluate the data. A critical review of the validity of the study findings will also be discussed. Potential barriers and facilitators to the implementation and/or maintenance of the strategy shall then follow. This paper shall end with a conclusion which is based on the quality of the studies and relevance of the findings. Body There were six studies retrieved for this study, and most of them were quantitative studies. Five of the studies had a prospective experimental design. One study had a correlational design. All of the studies were quantitative studies, in other words, they are an empirical assessment of phenomena using numerical and statistical analysis and frameworks (Bruce, Pope, and Sanistreet, 2008). Five of the studies were prospective studies as they were carried out on respondents who would be recruited and who were to be s ubjected to various procedures and processes. Experimental studies are those which evaluate cause and effect relations among respondents which are studied under controlled settings (Bruce, et.al., 2008).

Hiv Aids Situation In South Africa

Hiv Aids Situation In South Africa The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating effect on the South African population. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is first transmitted through bodily fluid contact à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ usually through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate and/or breast milk (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). Ultimately, HIV advances to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) where the condition markedly attacks the immune system by increasing the risk of a variety of infections caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). Typically, the development of AIDS from HIV takes approximately five to eight years, but can be postponed with the aid of anti-retroviral drugs (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). It can be noted that the disease affects individuals at the prime of their lifetimes. Sexually active men and women, as well as young children are affected most by this illness because HIV is transmitted through events such as unsafe sex, contaminated needles and/or transmission from a mother to her newborn during birth (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). The concurrent nature of this disease makes it a greater threat to economic growth in South Africa à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ once one partner contracts it, the other partner does too. An individual is most susceptible to acquiring the disease from their sexual partner if that partner was infected less than a year prior. Clearly then, the disease is affecting the most economically active proportion of the South African population. It is estimated that 5.7 million people or about 12% of their population is affected by HIV/AIDS (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2008). When examining the HIV prevalence rate for the labor force (ages 15-49), the rate increases to 18% (Figure 1) (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2008) (United Nations Statistics Division 2009). The disease is far more prevalent among females between the ages of twenty- five and twenty-nine à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ at a prevalence rate of 32.7%; for males the age range is between thirty and thirty-nine and the prevalence is only about 25.8% (Figure 2) (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2008). The impact of the epidemic can be seen most profoundly by the dramatic change in South Africaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mortality rates. The overall number of annual deaths increased sharply from 1997, when about 316, 559 individuals died to about 607, 184 deaths in 2006 (Figure 3) (Statistics South Africa 2008). Obviously, the rise cannot necessarily be attributed solely to HIV/AIDS, but what is essential here is that young adults are shouldering the burden of this increased mortality rate (Figure 4). In 2006, 41% of deaths were associated with twenty-five to twenty-nine year olds; in 1997 this percentage was about 29% (Statistics South Africa 2008). This is a significant marker in concluding that AIDS is a major factor in the overall rising number of deaths. Clearly then, it is not uncommon for one or more parents to die when their children are young. The number of premature deaths has risen considerably: 39% in 1997 to 75% in 2009 (Harrison 2009). This indicates that 80% of the sample population would lose more than half their per capita income with the death of the highest income earner (Harrison 2009). Thus, the HIV/AIDS epidemic that started in South Africa in the 1980à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s has had a negative impact on the health status as well as the economic development of individuals and households. ECONOMY OF SOUTH AFRICA In South Africa it can be said that their income has increased simply by examining their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the last thirty years (Figure 5). As can be noted, GDP has steadily increased over the last twenty years (World Bank 2010). South Africa is a country that perhaps has the best operational and entrepreneurial environment in Africa à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ it is considered to also have one of the most politically stabile climates in the Sub-Saharan African region. Moreover, it has a very advanced financial system à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the South African stock exchange ranks among the worldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s top ten largest exchanges. 1948 marked the beginning of the Apartheid; the economy had been divided into two à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a privileged white sector an impoverished black one. The policy was heavily criticized and many sanctions were placed against South Africa in the 1980s. It was at the end of this period, when GDP as well as HIV/AIDS began to rise. Examining trade specifically, it is noted that South Africa is the worldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s largest producer and exporter of platinum and gold as well as of base metals and coal. It is the worldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s fourth largest producer of diamonds. Agriculture only accounts for about 3.4% of GDP, whereas services account for roughly 65.1%. South Africaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s other main industries are mining, automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, and foodstuffs. Their exports account for roughly 30% of their GDP. South Africaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s major trading partners include the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Italy, Belgium, China and Japan. South Africaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s integration into the global economy became very apparent in the 1990à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, especially after the implementation of rapid tariff liberalization after 1995, the export orientation of industrial policy and fiscal restraint through its macro-economic policy, the Growth, Redistribution and Employment Strategy (GEAR) in 1996. What has become clear through my research is that integration of South Africa into the global economy has brought about economic stability for the nation but it has not translated into sustainable economic growth or a reduction in income disparities. High unemployment rates dominate which leaves those from disadvantaged households largely marginalized. Moreover, their volatile domestic currency has created much instability in the export market. This generalized story of the South African economy has been provided to show that the country has enjoyed increased wealth over the last 15 or so years, some of which can be attributed to globalization. Trade activity, specifically exports is only one component of this sort of globalization. NATURE OF CURRENT RESEARCH In the discourse of health, economic activity, specifically trade activity is rarely spoken to. Economists have not yet opened dialogue on this sort of topic à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this is clear in the modest amount of literature available on the subject. Relationships have been estimated between economic activity and the incidence of HIV in Africa. A noteworthy association comes from Emily Oster à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ she suggests that a doubling of exports leads to a doubling of infections (Oster 2009). Using national trade openness as a proxy for traffic flows, evidence suggest that trade is a significant and positive predictor of HIV-infection (Clark and Vencatachellum 2003). It is estimated that 25% of epidemics spread via trade (Voigtlander and Voth 2009). This implies that the flow of people resulting from trade might increase the risk of infection. Further, much research has indicated that countries with higher road densities have had stronger relationships between exports and new infections (Oster 2009). This has been proposed to be the mechanism by which exports could affect HIV infections. The assumption here is that more exports means more production, therefore more trucking is necessary to relocate goods (Oster 2009). Fundamentally, it is the movement of people which is the underlying effect. Another major assumption that is made in some of the research is that migrant workers (ex. Truckers) have more sex than individuals in the general population (Anarfi 1993; Brewer, et al. 1998; Brockerhoff and Biddlecom 1999; Lurie, et al. 2003; Orubuloye, Caldwell and Caldwell 1993)and they have riskier sex than the average individual (Orubuloye, Caldwell and Caldwell 1993). The proximity to a road increases individual risk of HIV infection and the effect is sensitive to the use of the road (Djemai 2009). The increased mobility and greater number of opportunities to have sex induced by the presence of better road infrastructure has shown to increase AIDS (Djemai 2009). This negative effect of roads undermines the positive effects; contamination is not prevented even though individuals have better access to information and improved contact with condoms (Djemai 2009). Moreover, the mechanism driving the relationship between distance to a road and the risk of infection is shown to be the increase in demand for casual sexual partners which offsets the increase of condom use (Djemai 2009). Accordingly, the research shows that people choose to expose themselves to the risk of infection despite having better access to self-protective tools (Djemai 2009). Countries have been examined and have been grouped into categories according to knowledge dispersion. Kenya and Malawi, based on significant relationships between infection and road distance, suggest spatial inequalities in the access to information about HIV/AIDS (Djemai 2009). Cameroon and Ghana fit into the second category, where road proximity is not significant when the media are controlled for (Djemai 2009). Therefore, the media has an effect on knowledge transfer in some of the countries. Lastly, Ethiopia and Zimbabwe point towards success of dispersing knowledge about HIV/AIDS even to the most remote locations (Djemai 2009). Access to condoms is another topic of interest that has been given a great amount of coverage in the HIV/AIDS discourse. There are obvious spatial inequalities in the access to condoms across countries which are suggested to result from the supply of private and public medical services. Essentially, accessibility through roads increases the knowledge that medical services are available, but usage has not been shown to be statistically significant (Robinson, et al. 2006). It is apparent that access to condoms and to information about the importance of using them has facilitated their use, but once again the empirical evidence does not indicate anything statistically significant (Robinson, et al. 2006). Likewise, people are expressing their preferences towards the set of available preventative measures that are hurting their utility the least. This would therefore mean that individuals who are living closer to roads are using condoms more, but are also engaging in riskier sexual behavi ors (Kiriga, et al. 2002). Basically, the research implies that incentives to health are too low in the Sub-Saharan African countries that have been analyzed. The cost of changing behavior in Sub-Saharan African countries is too high. For individuals living in low-income countries with life expectancies of no more than 40 or 50 years, there is little incentive to invest in their health and thus their economies (Oster 2007). The United States is a prime example of how education campaigns did work in the mid 1980s, but that is also because the cost of premature death was high (Oster 2007). Lastly, Oster made a case for Uganda and concluded that thirty to sixty percent of the decrease in their HIV prevalence rate in the 1990s could be attributed to a decrease in export activity (Oster 2009). Oster claims that the reduction could be a result of a decrese in coffee prices during that time (Oster 2009). They are the only country in Sub-Saharan Africa to have seen such a decline in their HIV-infection rates. I think this could be a direct result of a decrease in the labor force during that time period which decreased the number of individuals present in sexual networks, thus reducing HIV-transmission. Another proposition could be that there was an eventual impact on the labor force, whereby there were less people because of increased mortality or morbidity, reducing the number of individuals in the sexual network. Regardless, the literature surrounding this area is very much in its infancy. This kind of dialogueà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½examining HIV/AIDS from a perspective that questions the integrity of economic activity is still fresh in the public health arena. CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA Throughout all the literature, I was hard-pressed to find information on the relationship between South African trade activity and their HIV-infection rates. Therefore, to highlight once again, the purpose of this paper was to examine the variety of factors that contribute to high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates with a direct application to the situation in South Africa. To summarize, South Africa has one of the highest prevalence rates as well as one of the highest GDP values within Sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 6). Thus, examining it with a closer look at the structural issues systemic within the nation was interesting. Little research focused on South Africa for some peculiar reason, uncovering the issue with South Africa seemed very fascinating. To set groundwork for this discussion, it must be noted that the export market in South Africa predominantly is labored by low to medium skilled workers (Outtek 2000). These markets are primarily capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (Abt Associates Inc. 2000). Due to that fact, capital-intensive markets generally employ low-skilled workers who, although are accumulating wealth, have low levels of education. Projections from companies confirm that the highest HIV infection levels are concentrated among low-skilled workers (Abt Associates Inc. 2000). Therefore, an individualsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ level of education is a determinant of the type of work they do, thus contributing to their likelihood of being infected. In a study that modeled each sector confirmed what they referred to as a sector gradient à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that prevalence rates varied by each sector of the economy (Figure 7) (Vass 2005). It was found that there were higher prevalence ratios in South Africa in the mining, tran sport, construction, government, accommodation and catering sectors (Vass 2005). The financial, insurance, business and communication sectors had the lowest aggregate HIV prevalence ratios (Vass 2005). The sector gradient visible in South Africa is reflective of a variety of high risk factors which are: age, gender, population group, skill level, and length of employment. There is a concentration of Blacks and women in low-skilled work; Whites are more heavily occupied in the high skilled occupations (Vass 2003). These conclusions are similar to projections of infection population groups (United Nations Statistics Division 2009). All of the studies that have been conducted in South Africa on the labor force and HIV-prevalence have assume that there is a constant risk associated with HIV-transmission; that each individual in each skill level has the same chance of getting infected with HIV. This coincides with the income and survival effect discussed below. We have established that increased exports are therefore enabling transmission of this disease because of the population group that is employed by the sector. Although, this conclusion cannot be quantitatively analyzed through empirical evidence due to limitations in data, the argument is still valid. Through figure 8 it can be seen that as exports have increased over the past fifteen years, so has HIV-prevalence. It is apparent through the data that HIV prevalence seems to plateau, however as per figure 9, it can be seen that the adult prevalence rates are still continuing to rise. The focus of this paper is primarily on the labor force (ages 15-49) or the adults, but what should be analyzed is that prevalence is decreasing for children and youth. This is consistent with public health officialsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ view to this disease à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ they are focused on education and prevention campaigns for youth and children because they have been proven to be most effective if information has been accessed before sexual debut (Frolich and Vazquez-Alvarez 2009). Due to the fact that low-skilled workers who are occupied by the capital-intensive sectors, which contribute to the exports of the South Africa, have lower levels of education à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this must be an important aspect to consider in this discussion. However, because it is not the focus of this paper, I will only comment on the negative correlation that is found to be statistically significant for education level and HIV-prevalence (Walque 2009). It has been noted that income and education are positively correlated. So why in South Africa are the wealthiest the most affected, but the most educated not? Pursuing the topic at hand, we are discussing low-skilled workers who have very little education but who do have income that is relatively better than some of their educated counterparts. Thus we must discuss the relationship between wealth and this disease. Empirical evidence suggests that wealthier individuals are more likely to be infected with HIV as well as to engage in riskier sexual behaviors than their poorer counterparts (Walque 2009). Traditionally it is thought that income and health are positively correlated, however in the case of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa, things are going in the opposite direction. People are adopting risky behaviors that reduce their human capital potential as their income increases. Taking into account the fraction of the population that is expected to engage in unsafe sex, individuals must decide whether their first sexual encounter should involve the use of a condom or not. Those who do not use a condom may contract HIV and not survive to experience a second encounter. Assuming that there is disutility in from using a condom to begin with (Agha, et al. 2002), it can be said that some individuals willingly trade-off future utility for the current utility gained from unsafe sex. I think a major reason why so many members of the population engage in unsafe sex in Africa is what I would refer to as an income effect. Individuals are more likely to engage in unsafe sex if their income depends not only on their own potential for human capital but also on the aggregate level of human capital present in the economy (Kiriga, et al. 2002). An individual may be more likely to engage in unsafe sex if they know that a large fraction of the population will also engage in unsafe sex. Thus, the negative macroeconomic effects of HIV/AIDS stem from this sort of effect: a large share of the population participates in unsafe sex, which leads to a lower level of aggregate human capital and hence lower income and consumption (Kiriga, et al. 2002). All of this directly leads to greater levels of induced poverty. Additionally, a term stemming from evolutionary biology à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a survival effect can be noted when individuals are aware that many people are having unsafe sex and they choose to have safe sex based on this premise. Individuals in this situation would be concerned with protecting themselves from contracting the disease. I would assume to see the survival effect in a part of the population that has greater potential for human capital (higher income capacity). However, this is not what we are observing in South Africa currently, therefore it is safe to believe that South Africa depicts an income effect. Part of the reason for this sort of pattern must be that household wealth correlates with urban residence, more explicitly as closer proximity to roads; HIV-infection is higher in urban areas as a result of the road density (Djemai 2009). Also, HIV prevalence is a function of survival, the wealthier people with HIV are more likely to afford the appropriate medication, thus living longer. Perhaps, wealth enables individuals to pursue multiple sexual partners. Wealth is often associated with mobility, time and resources to maintain concurrent relationships (Gillespie and Greener 2006)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ those that are characterized as an individual having a primary relationship as well as a secondary relationship, with the individual their having that secondary relationship with also having primary and secondary relationships. This causes an individual to knowingly or unknowingly have a large sexual network thus increasing the risk of HIV-infection. The economic factor in these relationships is obvious: wealth and social interaction are linked. Further, wealth increases the number of opportunities to engage in numerous sexual partnerships (Shelton, Cassell and Adetunji 2005). Furthermore, in South Africa, there is a stronger positive relationship for wealth and HIV status for women. Maybe, women exhibit this quality because wealth is contributing to their mobility and social status or it might be that women are improving their economic status by having more than one concurrent relationship. In any case, it appears that wealth appears to play a disadvantageous role in HIV transmission. The hypothesis here is that the combined effect of people being less worried about having the disease because they know they can afford treatment and having more individuals with the infection in the community is outweighing the disease itself. As these individuals are better able to manage the disease, the cost of acquiring it is very low. It can then be concluded that South Africa does show an increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence as a result of increased trade, but only because the individuals employed in the sector are low-skilled workers who have been pushed segregated into this category. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS The future of the labor force infected with the disease looks quite bleak. Macro-economic modeling indicates that the labor force growth rate will decline which will result in a smaller labor force in the coming years. This will impede economic growth most definitely. ING Barings predicts an 18% decline in the labor force by 2015 (Orubuloye, Caldwell and Caldwell 1993)and Abt Associates Inc predicts a 21% decline when compared to a situation where no AIDS was present (Abt Associates Inc. 2000). The impact that this could have on productivity as well as South Africaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s exports is profound. Considering a large proportion of the sectors that contribute to export activity are experiencing high levels of HIV prevalence, it can be assumed that attrition is high in the labor force. The increased morbidity and mortality creates absenteeism which hinders not only productivity but also creates a further decline in skill-level and experience. An underlying issue is that the incentive to life to longer has not been addressed in South Africa. It is clear that poorer countries have a lower life expectancy even in the absence of HIV/AIDS (Voigtlander and Voth 2009). Many researchers have pointed out that a higher life expectancy increases the likelihood of surviving if individuals engage in safe sex, but it does not affect the likelihood of surviving if an individual engages in unsafe sex (Voigtlander and Voth 2009). Thus, unsafe sex has as higher opportunity cost. As a result, if the overall population is experiencing a greater life expectancy, more individuals will choose safe sex. Therefore, the issue here is how should low and middle-income countries increase aggregate life expectancy? The answer to this sort of debate is well beyond the scope of this paper, but can be addressed using basic public health and community development interventions. Also, what I think might be a solution to this issue is if the South African government introduced implementation of a free antiretroviral drug plan. This would ensure that HIV prevalence decreases. The argument here is that individuals who are wealthier are able to afford medical treatment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ they are clearly living longer than their poor counterparts. Thus, they are able to live longer and contribute to the labor force and economic productivity. Even though they are not participating in safe sex, at least they are living for greater periods of human capital aggregation, which increases expected income and lifetime utility from safe sex. The free antiretroviral drug plan would enable all members of the population, rich or poor to exhibit these characteristics. Thus, if lifetime utility is increasing, the opportunity cost to unsafe sex will increase. In conclusion, the low skill and education levels within the sectors that are participating in the export activity of South Africa is contributing to the disease à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that is the direct association behind why links can be made between exports and HIV-infection. Thus my research hypothesis does stand à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ increase in exports has lead to an increase in wealth which has contributed to the spreading of HIV/AIDS. Therefore, policy discussions should be focused on the individuals who fall within this category. Addressing prevention programs geared towards the individuals are obviously in the labor force and who are in the low-skilled category seem to be of utmost importance. Figure 1 HIV Prevalence 1990-2008 Figure 3 Number of Deaths in South Africa 1997-2007 Figure 4 Number of Deaths by Age Group, 2008 Figure 5 GDP in $US 1980-2010 Noureen Noorani, 0550061 4A03 Final Paper